Erythema nodosum - Eritema Nodosum
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Ia kelihatan seperti nodul eritematous yang menyakitkan di kaki.
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ReferencesErythema nodosum ialah jenis panniculitis yang paling biasa, dicirikan oleh nodul merah yang menyakitkan, terutamanya pada bahagian bawah kaki. Punca sebenarnya masih tidak diketahui, tetapi ia nampaknya berpunca daripada tindak balas yang berlebihan terhadap pelbagai pencetus. Walaupun punca sebenar sering tidak pasti, adalah penting untuk menolak keadaan asas lain sebelum mendiagnosis primary erythema nodosum. Ia boleh menunjukkan permulaan penyakit sistemik seperti jangkitan, keradangan, kanser, atau tindak balas terhadap ubat. Pencetus biasa termasuk strep infections, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, Behçet's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, certain medications, dan pregnancy.
Erythema nodosum is the most common form of panniculitis and is characterized by tender erythematous nodules mainly in the lower limbs on the pretibial area. The exact cause of erythema nodosum is unknown, although it appears to be a hypersensitivity response to a variety of antigenic stimuli. Although the etiology is mostly idiopathic, ruling out an underlying disease is imperative before diagnosing primary erythema nodosum. Erythema nodosum can be the first sign of a systemic disease that is triggered by a large group of processes, such as infections, inflammatory diseases, neoplasia, and/or drugs. The most common identifiable causes are streptococcal infections, primary tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, Behçet disease, inflammatory bowel disease, drugs, and pregnancy.
Erythema nodosum is the most common form of panniculitis and is characterized by tender erythematous nodules mainly in the lower limbs on the pretibial area. The exact cause of erythema nodosum is unknown, although it appears to be a hypersensitivity response to a variety of antigenic stimuli. Although the etiology is mostly idiopathic, ruling out an underlying disease is imperative before diagnosing primary erythema nodosum. Erythema nodosum can be the first sign of a systemic disease that is triggered by a large group of processes, such as infections, inflammatory diseases, neoplasia, and/or drugs. The most common identifiable causes are streptococcal infections, primary tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, Behçet disease, inflammatory bowel disease, drugs, and pregnancy.
Panniculitis merujuk kepada kumpulan pelbagai keadaan keradangan yang menjejaskan tisu lemak di bawah kulit. Keadaan ini jarang berlaku pada kanak‑kanak. Panniculitis boleh menjadi manifestasi utama dalam penyakit sistemik atau tindak balas sekunder kepada faktor seperti jangkitan, kecederaan, atau ubat tertentu. Tanpa mengira punca, kebanyakan jenis panniculitis menunjukkan simptom yang serupa, termasuk bintik merah yang menyakitkan di bawah kulit.
Panniculitides form a heterogenous group of inflammatory diseases that involve the subcutaneous adipose tissue. These disorders are rare in children and have many aetiologies. As in adults, the panniculitis can be the primary process in a systemic disorder or a secondary process that results from infection, trauma or exposure to medication. Some types of panniculitis are seen more commonly or exclusively in children, and several new entities have been described in recent years. Most types of panniculitis have the same clinical presentation (regardless of the aetiology), with tender, erythematous subcutaneous nodules.
Panniculitides form a heterogenous group of inflammatory diseases that involve the subcutaneous adipose tissue. These disorders are rare in children and have many aetiologies. As in adults, the panniculitis can be the primary process in a systemic disorder or a secondary process that results from infection, trauma or exposure to medication. Some types of panniculitis are seen more commonly or exclusively in children, and several new entities have been described in recent years. Most types of panniculitis have the same clinical presentation (regardless of the aetiology), with tender, erythematous subcutaneous nodules.
Panniculitis, keradangan lapisan lemak di bawah kulit, adalah keadaan yang jarang berlaku dan biasanya muncul sebagai nodul atau tompokan bengkak. Erythema nodosum (EN) ialah jenis yang paling biasa, sering dicetuskan oleh pelbagai faktor. Walaupun kira‑kira 55 % kes tidak mempunyai punca yang jelas, pencetus biasa termasuk jangkitan, ubat‑ubat, penyakit tertentu seperti sarcoidosis dan penyakit radang usus, kehamilan serta kanser. EN biasanya muncul pada remaja dan dewasa muda, lebih kerap pada wanita. Ia selalunya didahului oleh rasa sakit umum yang berlangsung selama satu hingga tiga minggu, dengan gejala seperti demam dan masalah pernafasan atas. Kemudian, nodul merah muncul, biasanya di bahagian luar lengan dan kaki, menyebabkan kesakitan. Punca sebenar EN tidak difahami sepenuhnya, tetapi dipercayai melibatkan kompleks imun dalam saluran darah kecil lapisan lemak, yang membawa kepada keradangan. Biasanya, biopsi menunjukkan keradangan pada lapisan lemak tanpa kerosakan pada saluran darah. Walaupun tiada rawatan khusus untuk punca yang mendasari, EN sering sembuh dengan sendirinya. Oleh itu, kebanyakan pesakit hanya memerlukan penjagaan sokongan untuk mengurangkan gejala.
Panniculitis, an inflammation of the fat layer under the skin, is a rare condition usually showing up as swollen nodules or patches. Erythema nodosum (EN) is the most common type, often triggered by various factors. While around 55% of cases have no clear cause, common triggers include infections, medications, certain diseases like sarcoidosis and inflammatory bowel disease, pregnancy, and cancer. EN usually appears in teens and young adults, more often in females. It's often preceded by a general feeling of illness lasting one to three weeks, with symptoms like fever and upper respiratory issues. Then, red nodules appear, usually on the outer sides of arms and legs, causing pain. EN's exact cause isn't fully understood, but it's believed to involve immune complexes in small blood vessels of the fat layer, leading to inflammation. Typically, a biopsy shows inflammation in the fat layer without damage to blood vessels. Even without specific treatment for the underlying cause, EN often resolves on its own. So, most patients need only supportive care for their symptoms.
Panniculitis, an inflammation of the fat layer under the skin, is a rare condition usually showing up as swollen nodules or patches. Erythema nodosum (EN) is the most common type, often triggered by various factors. While around 55% of cases have no clear cause, common triggers include infections, medications, certain diseases like sarcoidosis and inflammatory bowel disease, pregnancy, and cancer. EN usually appears in teens and young adults, more often in females. It's often preceded by a general feeling of illness lasting one to three weeks, with symptoms like fever and upper respiratory issues. Then, red nodules appear, usually on the outer sides of arms and legs, causing pain. EN's exact cause isn't fully understood, but it's believed to involve immune complexes in small blood vessels of the fat layer, leading to inflammation. Typically, a biopsy shows inflammation in the fat layer without damage to blood vessels. Even without specific treatment for the underlying cause, EN often resolves on its own. So, most patients need only supportive care for their symptoms.
Erythema nodosum biasanya didiagnosis secara klinikal. Biopsi boleh diambil dan diperiksa secara mikroskopik untuk mengesahkan diagnosis yang tidak pasti. Radiografi dada perlu dilakukan untuk menyingkirkan penyakit paru‑paru, khususnya sarcoidosis dan tuberkulosis.